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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate strength and endurance training on cognition evaluated by event-related potentials (ERP) in older people. Thirty-six adults, aged 60-85 years, were randomly divided into three groups: sedentary control (C), strength training (ST), and endurance training (ET). Participants performed functional fitness tests and ERP data were recorded before and after nine weeks of training. Training involved three sessions per week. Functional fitness test performance improved significantly in the ST and ET groups. The latencies of the N1, N2, and P2 components and the amplitudes of the N1P2, P2N2, and N2P3 components differed significantly between groups (p. Participants This study protocol was approved by the Akdeniz University Ethical Committee (approval number /08).

All participants had medical clearance to participate in the testing and training sessions. One hundred and twenty elderly, sedentary participants who did not engage in any physical training programs were assessed for eligibility (). All signed an informed consent form before the testing and subsequent training. The participants were volunteers, between 60 and 85 years of age, who were healthy, living independently in a retirement home, performing daily living activities without mobility aids, and had a Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE) score ≥ 24.

Seventy-six people were excluded: 21 because they had an SMMSE score. Procedure for randomized clinical trial. Clinical assessments included a thorough preventive medical evaluation that covered a personal and family health history, a physical examination, a questionnaire on demographic characteristics and health habits, resting electrocardiography, lung radiography, blood chemistry, and hematological tests followed by a consultation with a cardiologist and neurologist. Older participants who did not repeat all measures at the post-test assessment and who did not participate in three consecutive training sessions were excluded. Thirty-six non-smoking elderly adults completed the randomized trial. Necessary information on functional ability, affective function, and cognitive ability was collected at baseline. Functional ability Functional ability is an indicator of physical function and reflects the level of an older adult’s functioning in activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, and mobility (DiPietro, ).

Functional ability was assessed by self-evaluation, using the Turkish version of the Composite Physical Function Questionnaire (CPF) (Rikli and Jones, ). The test-re-test reliability of the Turkish version of the questionnaire was 0.93.

Functional ratings were based on responses to a 12-item CPF scale asking participants to indicate their ability to perform common everyday activities ranging from personal care items such as bathing and dressing oneself (basic activities of daily living), to various household, gardening, walking, and lifting activities (activities needed to live independently within the community), to advanced activities such as moving heavy objects, sports, and aerobic dance activities (strenuous exercise). The scoring protocol for the CPF questionnaire required that participants check one of three responses: “can do ”(score 2), “can do with difficulty or with assistance ”(score 1), or “cannot do ”(score 0) for each of the 12 items. Advanced functioning was defined as being able to perform all 12 items with no difficulty, moderate functioning as being able to perform seven of the 12 items with no difficulty, and low functioning as being able to perform six or fewer of the tasks with no difficulty or assistance (Rikli and Jones, ).

Outcome measures The study was conducted between March 2003 and May 2003. The functional fitness tests and ERP recordings were performed two weeks before the start of the training program and repeated in the tenth week, after the training program had ended. The tests were administered by the same observers without reference to the baseline values. The order of testing was identical before and after training: the ERP recordings were performed first followed by the functional fitness tests. All recording and testing was performed in the morning between 08:00 and 11:00 h.